在K8S集群中一步步构建一个复杂的MySQL数据库
文档说明
本文面向容器初学者,作者先简单的用MySQL官方镜像搭建一个可运行的单实例数据库,而后考虑生产或现实需求,一步一步完善并揉合K8S多个技术,从而构建一个复杂且可供生产用的MySQL单实例库。
简单部署
如下所示,我们仅需设置root用户密码(环境变量MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD), 便可轻松的使用MySQL官方镜像构建一个MySQL数据库。
# kubectl create -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: mysql
name: mysql
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: mysql
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: mysql
spec:
containers:
- image: mysql
name: mysql
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
env:
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
value: Changeme
EOF
注意:若你的K8S集群是minishift、openshift、origin,因其为安全考虑,不允许容器以root用户运行,而官方MySQL镜像却需root权限,故为使其能顺利运行,我们需将anyuid scc赋予default serviceaccount:
# oc adm policy add-scc-to-user anyuid -z default
创建一Service以便集群内外均可访问数据库,其中集群外需通过nodePort设置的30006端口访问。
# kubectl create -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
labels:
app: mysql
name: mysql
spec:
type: NodePort
ports:
- port: 3306
nodePort: 30006
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 3306
selector:
app: mysql
EOF
接着,访问数据库并验证其运行正常:
# kubectl get pod # 当前Pod名称
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
mysql-5b5668c448-t44ml 1/1 Running 0 3h
# 通过本机访问
# kubectl exec -it mysql-5b5668c448-t44ml -- mysql -uroot -pChangeme
mysql> select 1;
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
# 集群内部通过mysql service访问:
# kubectl exec -it mysql-5b5668c448-t44ml -- mysql -uroot -pChangeme -hmysql
mysql> select now();
+---------------------+
| now() |
+---------------------+
| 2018-05-21 07:19:14 |
+---------------------+
# 集群外部,可通过任何一个K8S节点访问数据库:
# mysql -uroot -pChangeme -horigin-lb-01 -P30006
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
扩展部署
持久化存储
若要确保MySQL重启后数据仍然存在,我们需为其配置可持久化存储,作者的实验环境配置了GlusterFS分布式存储,其支持K8S动态提供特性,故可执行如下命令创建PVC:
# kubectl create -f - <<EOF
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: mysql
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadOnlyMany
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
storageClassName: glusterfs-raid0
EOF
而后,调整Deploy并挂载卷:
spec:
containers:
- image: mysql
...
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-data
mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
volumes:
- name: mysql-data
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: mysql
自定义配置文件
通过创建cm并挂载到容器中,我们可自定义MySQL配置文件。如下所示,名为mysql-config的cm包含一个custom.cnf文件:
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: mysql-config
data:
custom.cnf: |
[mysqld]
default_storage_engine=innodb
skip_external_locking
lower_case_table_names=1
skip_host_cache
skip_name_resolve
kind: ConfigMap
将cm挂载到容器内:
spec:
...
containers:
- image: mysql
...
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-config
mountPath: /etc/mysql/conf.d/
...
volumes:
- name: mysql-config
configMap:
name: mysql-config
...
加密铭感数据
用户密码等铭感数据以Secret加密保存,而后被Deployment通过volume挂载或环境变量引用。如本例,我们创建root、app 、test用户,将3个用户的密码加密保存:
# echo -n Changeme | base64
Q2hhbmdlbWU=
# kubectl create -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: mysql-user-pwd
data:
mysql-root-pwd: Q2hhbmdlbWU=
mysql-app-user-pwd: Q2hhbmdlbWU=
mysql-test-user-pwd: Q2hhbmdlbWU=
EOF
Secret创建完成后,我们将用户明文密码从Deployment去除,采用环境变量方式引用Secret数据,参见如下Yaml修改,做了3个调整:
镜像初始化时自动创建MYSQL_DATABASE环境变量1设置的数据库;
镜像初始化时将MYSQL_DATABASE数据库赋予MYSQL_USER用户;
root用户及MYSQL_USER用户,其密码均通过secretKeyRef从secret获取;
spec:
...
containers:
- image: mysql
name: mysql
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
env:
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-user-pwd
key: mysql-root-pwd
- name: MYSQL_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-user-pwd
key: mysql-app-user-pwd
- name: MYSQL_USER
value: app
- name: MYSQL_DATABASE
value: appdb
容器健康检查
K8S镜像控制器可通过livenessProbe判断容器是否异常,进而决定是否重建容器;而Service服务可通过readinessProbe判断容器服务是否正常,从而确保服务可用性。
本例,作者配置的livenessProbe与readinessProbe是一样的,即连续3次查询数据库失败,则定义为异常。对livenessProbe与readinessProbe详细用法,不在本文的讨论范围内,可参考K8S官方文档:
Configure Liveness and Readiness Probes
Pod Lifecycle
spec:
containers:
- image: mysql
...
livenessProbe:
exec:
command:
- /bin/sh
- "-c"
- MYSQL_PWD="${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}"
- mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -e "SELECT 1"
initialDelaySeconds: 30
timeoutSeconds: 5
successThreshold: 1
failureThreshold: 3
readinessProbe:
exec:
command:
- /bin/sh
- "-c"
- MYSQL_PWD="${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}"
- mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -e "SELECT 1"
initialDelaySeconds: 10
timeoutSeconds: 1
successThreshold: 1
failureThreshold: 3
...
容器初始化
假设,我们有这样的需求:“初始部署MySQL时,其已包应用所需的数据库、用户、权限、表结构与数据”。研究MySQL官方镜像的Dockerfile可知,数据库初始化时将自动执行目录/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d内的.sh、.sql、.sql.gz文件,鉴于此,我们可有如下两种方法:
基于官方镜像重新编写Dockerfile,将脚本copy到新镜像/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d目录,因需编译新镜像,故此方法不灵活;
初始化容器(initContainers)在常规容器(containers)前运行,故在初始化容器中可将脚本拷贝到共享目录,而后MySQL镜像挂载此目录到/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d,此方法灵活。
本例,作者采用初始化容器方案,功能如下:
初始化与常规容器共享名为mysql-initdb的emptyDir,均被挂载到/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d目录;
初始化容器将.sql文件置于共享的/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d目录,其含初始化testdb与appdb数据库;
为了避免MySQL数据库目录内的lost+found目录被误认为是数据库,初始化容器中将其删除;
spec:
initContainers:
- name: mysql-init
image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
env:
- name: MYSQL_TEST_USER_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-user-pwd
key: mysql-test-user-pwd
command:
- sh
- "-c"
- |
set -ex
rm -fr /var/lib/mysql/lost+found
cat > /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/mysql-testdb-init.sql <<EOF
create database testdb default character set utf8;
grant all on testdb.* to 'test'@'%' identified by '$MYSQL_TEST_USER_PASSWORD';
flush privileges;
EOF
cat > /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/mysql-appdb-init.sql <<EOF
create table app(id int);
insert into app values(1);
commit;
EOF
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-data
mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
- name: mysql-initdb
mountPath: /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
containers:
- image: mysql
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-initdb
mountPath: /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
...
volumes:
- name: mysql-data
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: mysql
- name: mysql-initdb
emptyDir: {}
...
完整Deployment
通过如上多步调整,MySQL数据库的Deplyment如下所示:
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
labels:
app: mysql
name: mysql
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: mysql
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: mysql
spec:
initContainers:
- name: mysql-init
image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
env:
- name: MYSQL_TEST_USER_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-user-pwd
key: mysql-test-user-pwd
command:
- sh
- "-c"
- |
set -ex
rm -fr /var/lib/mysql/lost+found
cat > /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/mysql-testdb-init.sql <<EOF
create database testdb default character set utf8;
grant all on testdb.* to 'test'@'%' identified by '$MYSQL_TEST_USER_PASSWORD';
flush privileges;
EOF
cat > /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/mysql-appdb-init.sql <<EOF
create table app(id int);
insert into app values(1);
commit;
EOF
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-data
mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
- name: mysql-initdb
mountPath: /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
containers:
- image: mysql
name: mysql
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
env:
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-user-pwd
key: mysql-root-pwd
- name: MYSQL_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-user-pwd
key: mysql-app-user-pwd
- name: MYSQL_USER
value: app
- name: MYSQL_DATABASE
value: appdb
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-data
mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
- name: mysql-initdb
mountPath: /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d
- name: mysql-config
mountPath: /etc/mysql/conf.d/
ports:
- name: mysql
containerPort: 3306
command:
- /bin/sh
- "-c"
- MYSQL_PWD="${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}"
- mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -e "SELECT 1"
initialDelaySeconds: 30
timeoutSeconds: 5
successThreshold: 1
failureThreshold: 3
readinessProbe:
exec:
command:
- /bin/sh
- "-c"
- MYSQL_PWD="${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}"
- mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -e "SELECT 1"
initialDelaySeconds: 10
timeoutSeconds: 1
successThreshold: 1
failureThreshold: 3
volumes:
- name: mysql-data
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: mysql
- name: mysql-initdb
emptyDir: {}
- name: mysql-config
configMap:
name: mysql-config
创建此Deployment后,我们有如下组件:
# kubectl get all,pvc,cm,secret
# MySQL Deployment:
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
deploy/mysql 1 1 1 1 1m
# RS被Deployment调用,其是自动生成的
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
rs/mysql-998977cdd 1 1 1 1m
# Pod:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
po/mysql-998977cdd-v2ks2 1/1 Running 1 1m
# Service:
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
svc/mysql NodePort 172.30.3.200 <none> 3306:30006/TCP 8h
# Pvc:
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE
pvc/mysql Bound pvc-fe.. 1Gi ROX glusterfs-raid0 2m
# Configmap:
NAME DATA AGE
cm/mysql-config 1 6h
# Secret:
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
secrets/mysql-user-pwd Opaque 3 1h
定期自动备份
考虑到数据安全性,我们定期备份数据库,在K8S集群中,我们可配置CronJob实现自动备份作业。首先,创建一个持久化存储供备份用:
# kubectl create -f - <<EOF
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: mysql-backup
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 2Gi
storageClassName: glusterfs-raid0
EOF
继而,配置实际的自动化作业任务,如下所示,每天凌晨0点将使用mysqldump备份appdb数据库。
# kubectl create -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
name: mysql-backup
spec:
schedule: "0 0 * * *"
jobTemplate:
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: mysql-backup
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
image: mysql
env:
- name: MYSQL_BACKUP_USER
value: root
- name: MYSQL_BACKUP_USER_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-user-pwd
key: mysql-root-pwd
- name: MYSQL_HOST
value: mysql
command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- |
set -ex
mysqldump --host=$MYSQL_HOST --user=$MYSQL_BACKUP_USER \
--password=$MYSQL_BACKUP_USER_PASSWORD \
--routines --databases appdb --single-transaction \
> /mysql-backup/mysql-`date +"%Y%m%d"`.sql
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-backup
mountPath: /mysql-backup
restartPolicy: OnFailure
volumes:
- name: mysql-backup
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: mysql-backup
EOF
结束语
本文揉合K8S多项技术,构建了一个复杂且可做生产使用的范例,当然,此库是单实例数据库,倘若需构建数据库高可用方案,需部署如MySQL HA、PXC集群,其中自动作业备份范例仅使用mysqldump备份,在生产环境不是很实用,我们需要考虑使用xtrabackup备份以及mysqlbinlog备份日志。
参见docker-entrypoint.sh。 ↩