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public final class EchoServer {
    static final boolean SSL = System.getProperty("ssl") != null;
 static final int PORT = Integer.parseInt(System.getProperty("port", "8007"));

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // Configure SSL.
        final SslContext sslCtx;
        if (SSL) {
            SelfSignedCertificate ssc = new SelfSignedCertificate();
            sslCtx = SslContextBuilder.forServer(ssc.certificate(), ssc.privateKey()).build();
        } else {
            sslCtx = null;
        }

        // Configure the server.
        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(1);
        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
        final EchoServerHandler serverHandler = new EchoServerHandler();
        try {
            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
            b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)
             .channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)
             .option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 100)
             .handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO))
             .childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
                 @Override
                 public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
                     ChannelPipeline p = ch.pipeline();
                     if (sslCtx != null) {
                         p.addLast(sslCtx.newHandler(ch.alloc()));
                     }
                     //p.addLast(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO));
                     p.addLast(serverHandler);
                 }
             });

            // Start the server.
            ChannelFuture f = b.bind(PORT).sync();

            // Wait until the server socket is closed.
            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
        } finally {
            // Shut down all event loops to terminate all threads.
            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
        }
    }
}

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// NioEventLoopGroup.java
public NioEventLoopGroup() {
    this(0);
}

public NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads) {
    this(nThreads, (Executor) null);
}

public NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads, Executor executor) {
    this(nThreads, executor, SelectorProvider.provider());
}

public NioEventLoopGroup(
 int nThreads, Executor executor, final SelectorProvider selectorProvider) {
    this(nThreads, executor, selectorProvider, DefaultSelectStrategyFactory.INSTANCE);
}

public NioEventLoopGroup(int nThreads, Executor executor, final SelectorProvider selectorProvider, final SelectStrategyFactory selectStrategyFactory) {
    super(nThreads, executor, selectorProvider, selectStrategyFactory, RejectedExecutionHandlers.reject());
}

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public final class DefaultSelectStrategyFactory implements SelectStrategyFactory {
    public static final SelectStrategyFactory INSTANCE = new DefaultSelectStrategyFactory();

    private DefaultSelectStrategyFactory() { }

    @Override
    public SelectStrategy newSelectStrategy() {
        return DefaultSelectStrategy.INSTANCE;
    }
}

final class DefaultSelectStrategy implements SelectStrategy {
    static final SelectStrategy INSTANCE = new DefaultSelectStrategy();

    private DefaultSelectStrategy() { }

    @Override
    public int calculateStrategy(IntSupplier selectSupplier, boolean hasTasks) throws Exception {
        return hasTasks ? selectSupplier.get() : SelectStrategy.SELECT;
    }
}

public interface SelectStrategy {

    /**
 * Indicates a blocking select should follow.
 */
    int SELECT = -1;
    /**
 * Indicates the IO loop should be retried, no blocking select to follow directly.
 */
    int CONTINUE = -2;
    /**
 * Indicates the IO loop to poll for new events without blocking.
 */
    int BUSY_WAIT = -3;

    /**
 * The {@link SelectStrategy} can be used to steer the outcome of a potential select
 * call.
 *
 * @param selectSupplier The supplier with the result of a select result.
 * @param hasTasks true if tasks are waiting to be processed.
 * @return {@link #SELECT} if the next step should be blocking select {@link #CONTINUE} if
 * the next step should be to not select but rather jump back to the IO loop and try
 * again. Any value >= 0 is treated as an indicator that work needs to be done.
 */
    int calculateStrategy(IntSupplier selectSupplier, boolean hasTasks) throws Exception;
}

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// MultithreadEventLoopGroup.java
protected MultithreadEventLoopGroup(int nThreads, Executor executor, Object... args) {
    super(nThreads == 0 ? DEFAULT_EVENT_LOOP_THREADS : nThreads, executor, args);
}

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// MultithreadEventExecutorGroup.java
protected MultithreadEventExecutorGroup(int nThreads, Executor executor, Object... args) {
    this(nThreads, executor, DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory.INSTANCE, args);
}

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protected MultithreadEventExecutorGroup(int nThreads, Executor executor,
 EventExecutorChooserFactory chooserFactory, Object... args) {
    if (nThreads <= 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("nThreads: %d (expected: > 0)", nThreads));
    }

    if (executor == null) {
        executor = new ThreadPerTaskExecutor(newDefaultThreadFactory());
    }

    children = new EventExecutor[nThreads];

    for (int i = 0; i < nThreads; i ++) {
        boolean success = false;
        try {
            children[i] = newChild(executor, args);
            success = true;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // TODO: Think about if this is a good exception type
            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to create a child event loop", e);
        } finally {
            if (!success) {
                for (int j = 0; j < i; j ++) {
                    children[j].shutdownGracefully();
                }

                for (int j = 0; j < i; j ++) {
                    EventExecutor e = children[j];
                    try {
                        while (!e.isTerminated()) {
                            e.awaitTermination(Integer.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
                        }
                    } catch (InterruptedException interrupted) {
                        // Let the caller handle the interruption.
                        Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    chooser = chooserFactory.newChooser(children);

    final FutureListener<Object> terminationListener = new FutureListener<Object>() {
        @Override
        public void operationComplete(Future<Object> future) throws Exception {
            if (terminatedChildren.incrementAndGet() == children.length) {
                terminationFuture.setSuccess(null);
            }
        }
    };

    for (EventExecutor e: children) {
        e.terminationFuture().addListener(terminationListener);
    }

    Set<EventExecutor> childrenSet = new LinkedHashSet<EventExecutor>(children.length);
    Collections.addAll(childrenSet, children);
    readonlyChildren = Collections.unmodifiableSet(childrenSet);
}

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        // MultithreadEventExecutorGroup的构造函数
        if (executor == null) {
            executor = new ThreadPerTaskExecutor(newDefaultThreadFactory());
        }

    protected ThreadFactory newDefaultThreadFactory() {
        return new DefaultThreadFactory(getClass());
    }

// netty的默认ThreadFactory，创建出来的Thread是FastThreadLocalThread
public class DefaultThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
  
  // ... 省略
  
    @Override
    public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
        Thread t = newThread(FastThreadLocalRunnable.wrap(r), prefix + nextId.incrementAndGet());
        try {
            if (t.isDaemon() != daemon) {
                t.setDaemon(daemon);
            }

            if (t.getPriority() != priority) {
                t.setPriority(priority);
            }
        } catch (Exception ignored) {
            // Doesn't matter even if failed to set.
        }
        return t;
    }

    protected Thread newThread(Runnable r, String name) {
        return new FastThreadLocalThread(threadGroup, r, name);
    }
}

// 一个简单的Executor，对于每个新的任务都创建一个新的线程去执行任务
public final class ThreadPerTaskExecutor implements Executor {
    private final ThreadFactory threadFactory;

    public ThreadPerTaskExecutor(ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        if (threadFactory == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("threadFactory");
        }
        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
    }

    @Override
    public void execute(Runnable command) {
        threadFactory.newThread(command).start();
    }
}

// netty中的runable都被包装成这个，目的是在run方法执行完后，主动调用FastThreadLocal.removeAll();
final class FastThreadLocalRunnable implements Runnable {
    private final Runnable runnable;

    private FastThreadLocalRunnable(Runnable runnable) {
        this.runnable = ObjectUtil.checkNotNull(runnable, "runnable");
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            runnable.run();
        } finally {
            // 手动清理这ThreadLocal，防止内存泄漏
            FastThreadLocal.removeAll();
        }
    }

    static Runnable wrap(Runnable runnable) {
        return runnable instanceof FastThreadLocalRunnable ? runnable : new FastThreadLocalRunnable(runnable);
    }
}

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@UnstableApi
public final class DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory implements EventExecutorChooserFactory {

    public static final DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory INSTANCE = new DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory();

    private DefaultEventExecutorChooserFactory() { }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public EventExecutorChooser newChooser(EventExecutor[] executors) {
        if (isPowerOfTwo(executors.length)) {
            return new PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser(executors);
        } else {
            return new GenericEventExecutorChooser(executors);
        }
    }

    private static boolean isPowerOfTwo(int val) {
        return (val & -val) == val;
    }

    private static final class PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser implements EventExecutorChooser {
        private final AtomicInteger idx = new AtomicInteger();
        private final EventExecutor[] executors;

        PowerOfTwoEventExecutorChooser(EventExecutor[] executors) {
            this.executors = executors;
        }

        @Override
        public EventExecutor next() {
            return executors[idx.getAndIncrement() & executors.length - 1];
        }
    }

    private static final class GenericEventExecutorChooser implements EventExecutorChooser {
        private final AtomicInteger idx = new AtomicInteger();
        private final EventExecutor[] executors;

        GenericEventExecutorChooser(EventExecutor[] executors) {
            this.executors = executors;
        }

        @Override
        public EventExecutor next() {
            return executors[Math.abs(idx.getAndIncrement() % executors.length)];
        }
    }
}